Physics
Wheel
Lever
Pulley
Well
Dam
Pipe
Mill
Grinder
Piston
Gear
Engine
Propeller
Turbine
Hydraulic
Automation
Wave
Sonar
Calculator ( 2 bit-subtractor)
Compass needle
Magnet ( poles )
Solenoid
Conductor
Superconductor
Semiconductor
Centrifuge
Ferris Wheel
Helical Motion of Particle
Battery
Capacitor
Resistor
Thermistor
Logic Gate
Complex circuit
Cartridge fuse
Boomerang
Catapult
Projectile
Artillery
Gun
Gunpowder
Torpedo
Boomerang
Bazooka ( Stovepipe)
Launcher
Sniper Rifle
Rocket
Pressure
Submarine ( Ballast tank )
Ship
UV/Gamma Radiation
Diamond
Magnifying Glass
Mirror
Lens
Periscope
Binocular
Caleidoscope
Telescope
Microscope
Stetoscope
Rainbow
Blue jet
Red Sprites
Stairways to Heaven
Mirage
Solar
Thunder
Musical instrument
( Guitar,recorder,saxsofon,theremin,harmonica,piano,drum,harp )
Medical devices/machines
( x-ray,MRI,CAT,pressurized chamber )
Moon & Sun- Effects on Earth
Android
Torque
Relativity
Values of Constants
Biology
Divine Equilibrium
Genetic
Cloning
Hybridization
Stem Cell
Tissue Culture
Aggriculture
Hydroponic
Aeroponic
Extinct Species
Uncurable disease( Sinus,Cancer,HIV )
Microorganisms
Human Body ( System )
Bone marrow
Womb ( The Best Natural Incubator )
Photosynthesis
Greenhouse effect
Acid Rain
Special Adaptations of Organisms
Herbs
Remedy & Medicine ( Traditional & Modern )
Vaccination
Blood Transfusion
Organ Transplant
Tissue Grafting
Skin
Metabolism
Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Palpation
Therapy ( Aromatherapy,Massage therapy,Hydrotherapy )
Artificial Body Parts
Biological Weapon
Chemistry
Metal
Semi-metal ( Metalloid )
Non-metal
Inert gas
Halogen
Alkaline metal
Alkaline earth metal
Transition element
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Copper
Aluminium
Iron
Stainless steel
Calcium
Sulphur
Titanium
Alloy
Rusting of metal
Alchemy-Turning into distinct species
Chemical Bonds
Electrolyte
Acid
Alkali
Amphoteric
Antacid
Neutralisation
pH,pOH
Buffer solution
Equilibrium
Water molecules
Soda
Distillation
Sublimation
Condensation
Corpse's degrading mixtures
Anti-depressant
Analgesic
Sterile substance
Wine
Milk
Honey
Rootbeer
Distilled Water
Chanted Water
Vinegar
Soy sauce
Jem
Molasses
Coconut juice
Fuel
Baking Powder
Shell
Plastic
Carbonated Soft Drinks
Ice
Steam
Water
Spices in Curry
Fertilizer
Saturday 21 January 2012
Thursday 15 December 2011
Hanyut di dalam Litar
Rasa-rasanya aku sudah mampu melihat jalannya.Cuma ada simpang kat jalan tu sampai terbahagi dua bekalan yang aku ada.Aku tak boleh nak pilih maka,yang satu pergi ke sana,lagi satu pergi ke sini..simpang dua la katakan...tapi tak kisah apa pun jalannya,mesti akan balik semula ke tempat asal aku bermula.Kadang-kadang,terjumpa simpang bercabang lagi banyak,maka makin terpecah-pecah pula bekalan yang aku bawa disebabkan ingin memenuhi keperluan yang lain-lain.Kalau boleh memang nak jaga perasaan semua.Bekalan yang aku bawa tu pun bukannya banyak,paling-paling cukup untuk had maksimum yang boleh aku bawa.Biasalah,tak 'upgrade' diri lagi,macam mana nak ada perbezaan keupayaan yang besar.Reaksi kat dalam rumah tempat sumber aku dihasilkan ni pun dikira kecil berbanding yang lain jadi tak mampu nak hasilkan daya yang kuat untuk angkut segala sumber yang aku ada. Alahai,rendah diri rasanya.Nasib baik ada Allah Taala tempat mengadu.
Entah berapa banyak simpang aku lalu,macam-macam pilihan diberikan kepada aku,namun aku masih bersikap neutral sampai sekarang.Semua sama rata aku bagi supaya semua puas hati.Aku tak mahu pilih kasih.Macam tu la aku ingin cuba jadi makhluk yang baik dan ideal.Namun,tatkala sampai pada rintangan di tengah-tengah perjalanan,aku mula tidak keruan.Masakan tidak,rintangan-rintangan inilah yang boleh membawa pengaruh terbesar dalam hidup aku.Beraneka warna mereka pamerkan pada aku sampai-sampai aku terpesona dengan keunikan mereka.Aku memang awal-awal lagi dah sedar bahawa inilah antara yang boleh mengganggu-gugat perjalanan aku.Ada pro dan kontranya juga.Kadang-kadang semangat terlebih tinggi,rintangan-rintangan inilah yang membantu 'meringankan' sedikit sebab memang terasa beban bila tanggungjawab berat.Tapi makin berkuranglah bekalan aku....( T_T ).Nak buat macam mana,fitrah...memang aku perlukan semua itu dalam perjalanan ini.Kalau tak,ta terkawal la aku nanti.
Arrgghh..apa lagi lah yang ada kat depan jalan yang aku lalu ni.Selalu terjumpa dengan benda-benda baru.Yang satu ni tak mampu mengawal aku tapi aku pula yang kasi tenaga kat dia.Akhir-akhirnya,dia pula yang simpan semangat itu untuk dirinya sendiri.Lepas tu dia buat hal dia,aku buat hal aku.Emm...tak apalah,sekurang-kurangnya ada juga fungsi aku kat dunia ni.Kira berguna jugalah aku ni,ye?Semoga Allah Taala sentiasa membimbing dia.Kemudian,aku terus berjalan lagi.Kali ini,terjumpa pula seorang yang masih juga tak mampu mengawal aku,tapi boleh menambah bekalan yang aku bawa.Yaayyyy....makin banyak la bekalan aku,sempat lah aku nak teruskan perjalanan lagi.Terima kasih sangat-sangat walaupun mungkin aku tak akan berjumpa kau lagi selepas ini.Semoga Allah Taala membalas jasa baik kau.
Jauh perjalanan,luas pemandangan.Aku berusaha keras untuk mencapai kejayaan yang terang-benderang.Masih terus berjalan.Sikit saja lagi.Aku panjat satu demi satu,aku melingkar ikut lingkaranya,ahhh..meliuk-lentok.Pening la,panas pula tu.Makin lama makin panas.Biasalah tu,dugaan.Makin sesak pun ada.Tapi....akhirnya...aku berjaya mencapai kejayaan yang aku inginkan.Namun bukan satu saja kejayaan yang aku nak capai.Ada banyak sangat.
Mungkin aku perlu mengulang perjalanan aku untuk mencapai kejayaan seterusnya atau mungkin juga tidak.Kadang-kala,bila kompleks sangat perjalanan aku ni,aku kena bijak membahagikan perjalanan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.Memang berkesan la kalau aku dapat kenal pasti prioriti aku ikut gelung-gelung yang ada.
Waspada,satu frasa yang hebat.Sepanjang perjalanan memang aku kena berhati-hati.Masalah dalaman boleh juga dikawal kesan perjumpaan.Dengan yang lain-lain aku dah sebutkan tadi.Terkadang,ada masalah luaran yang aku tak jangka boleh merosakkan perjalanan aku.Namun,bila satu pintu tertutup,mungkin ada pintu lain terbuka.Cuma kena cari namun bila satu-satunya jalan kat depan dah rosak,lompang,memangla susah nak teruskan perjalanan.Nak kata mustahil pun macam boleh,kan?Namun,setakat ini aku bernasib baik sebab jalan aku masih elok.Syukur,Alhamdulillah.
Sekarang dah melepasi zaman kegemilangan aku,dah capai banyak kejayaan,ditambah hanyut dengan keseronokan yang ada,amal yang dipikul entah seringan mana....aku sentiasa teringinkan satu perkara.Balik kepada tempat asalku.Nak balik rumah.Mahu pulang kepada Allah Taala.Kalau dah sampai ajal aku,dicabut nyawa...Innalillahi wa inna ilaihi rajiun...
** Hidup manusia tertentu yang tak ubah macam arus di dalam litar elektrik.
Analogi :
Rumah = Bateri/sel kering.( emf )
Jalan = Wayar ( Wire )
Perjalanan hidup = Litar ( Circuit )
Daya = Daya elektrostatik ( Electrostatic Force)
Sumber = Perbezaan Keupayaan ( Voltage )
Bekalan = Arus ( Current )
Rintangan = Perintang ( Resistor)
Penyimpan = Kapasitor ( Capacitor)
Penambah = Transistor ( Transistor)
Kejayaan = Mentol ( Bulb )
Lingkaran = Filamen ( Filament)
Nyawa = Suis ( Switch )
Kirchhoff's Law:
Simpang = Junction
Gelung = Loop
Entah berapa banyak simpang aku lalu,macam-macam pilihan diberikan kepada aku,namun aku masih bersikap neutral sampai sekarang.Semua sama rata aku bagi supaya semua puas hati.Aku tak mahu pilih kasih.Macam tu la aku ingin cuba jadi makhluk yang baik dan ideal.Namun,tatkala sampai pada rintangan di tengah-tengah perjalanan,aku mula tidak keruan.Masakan tidak,rintangan-rintangan inilah yang boleh membawa pengaruh terbesar dalam hidup aku.Beraneka warna mereka pamerkan pada aku sampai-sampai aku terpesona dengan keunikan mereka.Aku memang awal-awal lagi dah sedar bahawa inilah antara yang boleh mengganggu-gugat perjalanan aku.Ada pro dan kontranya juga.Kadang-kadang semangat terlebih tinggi,rintangan-rintangan inilah yang membantu 'meringankan' sedikit sebab memang terasa beban bila tanggungjawab berat.Tapi makin berkuranglah bekalan aku....( T_T ).Nak buat macam mana,fitrah...memang aku perlukan semua itu dalam perjalanan ini.Kalau tak,ta terkawal la aku nanti.
Arrgghh..apa lagi lah yang ada kat depan jalan yang aku lalu ni.Selalu terjumpa dengan benda-benda baru.Yang satu ni tak mampu mengawal aku tapi aku pula yang kasi tenaga kat dia.Akhir-akhirnya,dia pula yang simpan semangat itu untuk dirinya sendiri.Lepas tu dia buat hal dia,aku buat hal aku.Emm...tak apalah,sekurang-kurangnya ada juga fungsi aku kat dunia ni.Kira berguna jugalah aku ni,ye?Semoga Allah Taala sentiasa membimbing dia.Kemudian,aku terus berjalan lagi.Kali ini,terjumpa pula seorang yang masih juga tak mampu mengawal aku,tapi boleh menambah bekalan yang aku bawa.Yaayyyy....makin banyak la bekalan aku,sempat lah aku nak teruskan perjalanan lagi.Terima kasih sangat-sangat walaupun mungkin aku tak akan berjumpa kau lagi selepas ini.Semoga Allah Taala membalas jasa baik kau.
Jauh perjalanan,luas pemandangan.Aku berusaha keras untuk mencapai kejayaan yang terang-benderang.Masih terus berjalan.Sikit saja lagi.Aku panjat satu demi satu,aku melingkar ikut lingkaranya,ahhh..meliuk-lentok.Pening la,panas pula tu.Makin lama makin panas.Biasalah tu,dugaan.Makin sesak pun ada.Tapi....akhirnya...aku berjaya mencapai kejayaan yang aku inginkan.Namun bukan satu saja kejayaan yang aku nak capai.Ada banyak sangat.
Mungkin aku perlu mengulang perjalanan aku untuk mencapai kejayaan seterusnya atau mungkin juga tidak.Kadang-kala,bila kompleks sangat perjalanan aku ni,aku kena bijak membahagikan perjalanan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.Memang berkesan la kalau aku dapat kenal pasti prioriti aku ikut gelung-gelung yang ada.
Waspada,satu frasa yang hebat.Sepanjang perjalanan memang aku kena berhati-hati.Masalah dalaman boleh juga dikawal kesan perjumpaan.Dengan yang lain-lain aku dah sebutkan tadi.Terkadang,ada masalah luaran yang aku tak jangka boleh merosakkan perjalanan aku.Namun,bila satu pintu tertutup,mungkin ada pintu lain terbuka.Cuma kena cari namun bila satu-satunya jalan kat depan dah rosak,lompang,memangla susah nak teruskan perjalanan.Nak kata mustahil pun macam boleh,kan?Namun,setakat ini aku bernasib baik sebab jalan aku masih elok.Syukur,Alhamdulillah.
Sekarang dah melepasi zaman kegemilangan aku,dah capai banyak kejayaan,ditambah hanyut dengan keseronokan yang ada,amal yang dipikul entah seringan mana....aku sentiasa teringinkan satu perkara.Balik kepada tempat asalku.Nak balik rumah.Mahu pulang kepada Allah Taala.Kalau dah sampai ajal aku,dicabut nyawa...Innalillahi wa inna ilaihi rajiun...
** Hidup manusia tertentu yang tak ubah macam arus di dalam litar elektrik.
Analogi :
Rumah = Bateri/sel kering.( emf )
Jalan = Wayar ( Wire )
Perjalanan hidup = Litar ( Circuit )
Daya = Daya elektrostatik ( Electrostatic Force)
Sumber = Perbezaan Keupayaan ( Voltage )
Bekalan = Arus ( Current )
Rintangan = Perintang ( Resistor)
Penyimpan = Kapasitor ( Capacitor)
Penambah = Transistor ( Transistor)
Kejayaan = Mentol ( Bulb )
Lingkaran = Filamen ( Filament)
Nyawa = Suis ( Switch )
Kirchhoff's Law:
Simpang = Junction
Gelung = Loop
Sunday 11 December 2011
Alchemy III-Turning Lead into Gold
The elusive(sukar difahami) and secretive(rahsia/sulit) study of Alchemy (the science of turning base metal elements into rare and sought after gold) dates back for centuries upon centuries. In present day scientific practices there are now several forms of Alchemy.
Islamic Alchemy dating back as far as 109 A.D.Well-known Muslim alchemists are Jabir ibn Haiyyan (commonly known as ''Geber'' in Europe and ''Geberus '' in Latin),Al-Kindi (al-Kindus)and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi( ''Razhes'' in Latin/Rasis).After the fall of the Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World.
Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations.The word alchemy itself was derived from the Arabic word الكيمياء al-kimia. The Islamic world was a melting pot for alchemy. Platonic and Aristotelian thought, which had already been somewhat appropriated into hermetical science, continued to be assimilated during the late 7th and early 8th centuries.
Jabir ibn Haiyyan introduced a new approach to alchemy, based on scientific methodology and controlled experimentation in the laboratory, in contrast to the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists whose works were often allegorical(kiasan) and unintelligible, with very little concern for laboratory work. Jabir is thus "considered by many to be the 'father of chemistry' ", albeit others reserve that title for Robert Boyle or Antoine Lavoisier.The ultimate achievement of Jabir is ''Takwin' which'refers to the creation of synthetic life in the laboratory, up to and including human life. Whether Jabir meant this goal to be interpreted literally is unknown.
Alchemical theories faced criticism from a variety of practical Muslim chemists, including Ja'far al-Sadiq, Alkindus, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun. In particular, they wrote refutations against the idea of the transmutation of metals.
Jabir's books strongly influenced the medieval European alchemists and justified their search for the philosopher's stone.
Jabir's alchemical investigations ostensibly(kononnya) revolved around the ultimate goal of takwin — the artificial creation of life. The Book of Stones includes several recipes for creating creatures such as scorpions, snakes, and even humans in a laboratory environment, which are subject to the control of their creator. What Jabir meant by these recipes is today unknown.
Then there is Indian Alchemy which first began somewhere around the third or fourth century B.C. Indian alchemy consists of several different subgroups which are Spiritual Alchemy and Tantric Alchemy just to name a few. Chinese Alchemy is another form of this elusive and secretive art known as alchemy that began around the time of the Tang period(dinasti). Sometimes the Tang period is defined as the “golden age” of external alchemy that went through a transition to internal Alchemy. The shift from external alchemy to the internal alchemy requires further, in depth studies to be further evaluated.
Thousands and thousands of years ago, dating as far back as the medieval times(zaman pertengahan), scientists such as the illustrious natural philosopher Sir Isaac Newton and the famous American scientist Glen Seaborg practiced a very ancient, but highly secretive form of science that was known as alchemy (not to be confused with chemistry).
Alchemy is known as the science of turning base metals (such as lead) into highly sought after gold. It was not until around the year 1980 that Glen Seaborg transformed thousands of atoms of lead into precious gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Mr. Glen Seaborg had discovered that by changing the atomic number in the element lead you would actually cause the lead itself to turn into this highly sought after and coveted(didambakan) substance known as gold. Although Mr.Glen Seaborg’s technique (using nuclear physics) was successful, Glen Seaborg soon discovered that the process he was using was entirely too expensive and impractical to be of use to turn lead into gold for routine manufacturing purposes and the gain of wealth.
Mr. Glen Seaborg was appointed a professor of chemistry in the year 1946 at the University of California and five years later he received the reward of the Nobel Prize for his discovery of plutonium. He later continued researching about transuranic elements and helped name nobelium(1957),fermium(1953),berkelium(1949),mendelevium(1955),einsteinium(1952), and californium(1950).
Islamic Alchemy dating back as far as 109 A.D.Well-known Muslim alchemists are Jabir ibn Haiyyan (commonly known as ''Geber'' in Europe and ''Geberus '' in Latin),Al-Kindi (al-Kindus)and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi( ''Razhes'' in Latin/Rasis).After the fall of the Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World.
Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations.The word alchemy itself was derived from the Arabic word الكيمياء al-kimia. The Islamic world was a melting pot for alchemy. Platonic and Aristotelian thought, which had already been somewhat appropriated into hermetical science, continued to be assimilated during the late 7th and early 8th centuries.
Jabir ibn Haiyyan introduced a new approach to alchemy, based on scientific methodology and controlled experimentation in the laboratory, in contrast to the ancient Greek and Egyptian alchemists whose works were often allegorical(kiasan) and unintelligible, with very little concern for laboratory work. Jabir is thus "considered by many to be the 'father of chemistry' ", albeit others reserve that title for Robert Boyle or Antoine Lavoisier.The ultimate achievement of Jabir is ''Takwin' which'refers to the creation of synthetic life in the laboratory, up to and including human life. Whether Jabir meant this goal to be interpreted literally is unknown.
Alchemical theories faced criticism from a variety of practical Muslim chemists, including Ja'far al-Sadiq, Alkindus, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun. In particular, they wrote refutations against the idea of the transmutation of metals.
Jabir's books strongly influenced the medieval European alchemists and justified their search for the philosopher's stone.
Jabir's alchemical investigations ostensibly(kononnya) revolved around the ultimate goal of takwin — the artificial creation of life. The Book of Stones includes several recipes for creating creatures such as scorpions, snakes, and even humans in a laboratory environment, which are subject to the control of their creator. What Jabir meant by these recipes is today unknown.
Then there is Indian Alchemy which first began somewhere around the third or fourth century B.C. Indian alchemy consists of several different subgroups which are Spiritual Alchemy and Tantric Alchemy just to name a few. Chinese Alchemy is another form of this elusive and secretive art known as alchemy that began around the time of the Tang period(dinasti). Sometimes the Tang period is defined as the “golden age” of external alchemy that went through a transition to internal Alchemy. The shift from external alchemy to the internal alchemy requires further, in depth studies to be further evaluated.
Thousands and thousands of years ago, dating as far back as the medieval times(zaman pertengahan), scientists such as the illustrious natural philosopher Sir Isaac Newton and the famous American scientist Glen Seaborg practiced a very ancient, but highly secretive form of science that was known as alchemy (not to be confused with chemistry).
Alchemy is known as the science of turning base metals (such as lead) into highly sought after gold. It was not until around the year 1980 that Glen Seaborg transformed thousands of atoms of lead into precious gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
Mr. Glen Seaborg had discovered that by changing the atomic number in the element lead you would actually cause the lead itself to turn into this highly sought after and coveted(didambakan) substance known as gold. Although Mr.Glen Seaborg’s technique (using nuclear physics) was successful, Glen Seaborg soon discovered that the process he was using was entirely too expensive and impractical to be of use to turn lead into gold for routine manufacturing purposes and the gain of wealth.
Mr. Glen Seaborg was appointed a professor of chemistry in the year 1946 at the University of California and five years later he received the reward of the Nobel Prize for his discovery of plutonium. He later continued researching about transuranic elements and helped name nobelium(1957),fermium(1953),berkelium(1949),mendelevium(1955),einsteinium(1952), and californium(1950).
ALCHEMY II --Turning Lead into Gold
Although the alchemists failed to find a method for the transmutation of base metals into precious metals, a number of important chemical processes resulted from their efforts.
For example,
1)Extraction of metals from ores,hence producing pure metal.
2) Producing a number of inorganic acids and bases that later became commercially important
3) Developing the techniques of fusion(penggabungan), calcination(pengapuran), solution(penyelesaian-cecair), filtration(penurasan), crystallization(penghabluran), sublimation(pemejalwapan), and, most importantly, distillation(penyulingan).
During the Middle Ages, they began to try to systematize the results of their primitive experiments and their fragments of information in order to explain or predict chemical reactions between substances. Thus the idea of chemical elements and the first primitive forms of the chemical Periodic Table(Jadual Berkala Unsur) appeared.
Why did they failed in transmutation?
The answer is each element has a different but fixed number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, which is the atomic number, the transmutation of one chemical element into another involves changing that number. Such a nuclear reaction requires millions of times more energy than was available through chemical reactions. Thus, the alchemist's dream of transmuting lead into gold was never chemically achievable.
Ironically, nuclear transmutations( transmutasi nuklear) were taking place virtually under the noses of the alchemists (or under their feet), but they had neither the methods to detect nor the knowledge to use these happenings. The discovery of the nuclear transmutation process was closely linked to the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896.
Nuclear transmutations occur during the spontaneous radioactive decay of naturally occurring thorium and uranium (atomic numbers 90 and 92, respectively) and the radioactive daughter products of their decay, namely the natural decay series.
Nuclear Transmutation occurs when a substance release:
1)α -particle (a He nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons)
2) emits a β -particle (an electron), which converts a neutron in the nucleus into a proton, raising the atomic number of the resultant nucleus by one with no change in atomic mass,
The sequence of successive α and β decays continues from one element to another until the stable nucleus is produced.
Lots of research had been done in transmutation until the bombarding(pembedilan) of nitrogen(N) with emitted α -particles being discovered.This discovery established the new fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry and sparked their rapid growth.
With the development of nuclear reactors and charged particle accelerators (commonly referred to as "atom smashers") over the second half of the twentieth century, the transmutation of one element into another has become commonplace. In fact some two dozen synthetic elements with atomic numbers higher than naturally occurring uranium have been produced by nuclear transmutation reactions. Thus, in principle, it is possible to achieve the alchemist's dream of transmuting lead into gold, but the cost of production via nuclear transmutation reactions would far exceed the value of the gold.
For example,
1)Extraction of metals from ores,hence producing pure metal.
2) Producing a number of inorganic acids and bases that later became commercially important
3) Developing the techniques of fusion(penggabungan), calcination(pengapuran), solution(penyelesaian-cecair), filtration(penurasan), crystallization(penghabluran), sublimation(pemejalwapan), and, most importantly, distillation(penyulingan).
During the Middle Ages, they began to try to systematize the results of their primitive experiments and their fragments of information in order to explain or predict chemical reactions between substances. Thus the idea of chemical elements and the first primitive forms of the chemical Periodic Table(Jadual Berkala Unsur) appeared.
Why did they failed in transmutation?
The answer is each element has a different but fixed number of protons in the nucleus of the atom, which is the atomic number, the transmutation of one chemical element into another involves changing that number. Such a nuclear reaction requires millions of times more energy than was available through chemical reactions. Thus, the alchemist's dream of transmuting lead into gold was never chemically achievable.
Ironically, nuclear transmutations( transmutasi nuklear) were taking place virtually under the noses of the alchemists (or under their feet), but they had neither the methods to detect nor the knowledge to use these happenings. The discovery of the nuclear transmutation process was closely linked to the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896.
Nuclear transmutations occur during the spontaneous radioactive decay of naturally occurring thorium and uranium (atomic numbers 90 and 92, respectively) and the radioactive daughter products of their decay, namely the natural decay series.
Nuclear Transmutation occurs when a substance release:
1)α -particle (a He nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons)
2) emits a β -particle (an electron), which converts a neutron in the nucleus into a proton, raising the atomic number of the resultant nucleus by one with no change in atomic mass,
The sequence of successive α and β decays continues from one element to another until the stable nucleus is produced.
Lots of research had been done in transmutation until the bombarding(pembedilan) of nitrogen(N) with emitted α -particles being discovered.This discovery established the new fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry and sparked their rapid growth.
With the development of nuclear reactors and charged particle accelerators (commonly referred to as "atom smashers") over the second half of the twentieth century, the transmutation of one element into another has become commonplace. In fact some two dozen synthetic elements with atomic numbers higher than naturally occurring uranium have been produced by nuclear transmutation reactions. Thus, in principle, it is possible to achieve the alchemist's dream of transmuting lead into gold, but the cost of production via nuclear transmutation reactions would far exceed the value of the gold.
ALCHEMY I --Turning Lead into Gold
Transmutation is the act of changing a substance, tangible(ketara) or intangible, from one form or state into another.
To the alchemists of old, this meant the conversion of one physical substance into another, particularly base metals such as lead into valuable silver and gold.
To the modern scientists, this means the transformation of one element into another by one or a series of nuclear decays or reactions.
Although people worked with gold, silver(Ag), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), tin(Sn), lead(Pb), carbon(C), sulfur(S), and mercury(Hg) in ancient times, they had little understanding of chemistry and could write little about it. At this time chemistry was an art, not a science.
The Egyptians were the first to produce extensive written documentation of chemical procedures, at the beginning of the Christian era, and Egypt is generally identified as the birthplace of chemistry. These writings indicate that the development of methods for transmuting one substance into another was one of the principal early goals of their investigations.
During the several hundred years that followed these writings, the alchemists attempted to develop schemes to transmute base metals into gold and silver through various chemical manipulations of mixtures and distillations(penyulingan). The alchemists were spurred(terangsang) on by what appeared to be some success—for example, production of very small amounts of gold from lead ore by their chemical procedures. (This gold was undoubtedly present in trace amounts in the original ores and was not produced by transmutation.)
The ultimate folly(kebodohan) of the alchemists turned up during the Middle Ages(Zaman Pertengahan) with the search for the philosopher's stone(Batu Falsafah), a substance that could be mixed with base metals and, through purification, convert them into gold. It was never found.
ilmu sains zaman PURBA lahir daripada 2 sumber... 1 nya daripada wahyu kenabian dan kedua, melalui upacara ritual sihir untuk memindahkan pengetahuan dan teknologi ghaib untuk dizahirkan.. hal ini amat ketara ketika zaman Renaissance..
Apa yang pasti,ilmu sains bersumberkan wahyu Allah adalah yang paling tepat dan apabila dikaji,insya-Allah memberikan manfaat....Alkimis zaman dahulu ada beberapa objektif
1)Mencari/Mencipta Batu Falsafah (yg sebenarnya hanya dongengan) yg kononnya memiliki kebolehan menukarkan logam biasa kepada emas atau perak dan sebagai penawar kehidupan yg memberikan keremajaan serta keabadian.Namun,selepas Jabir Ibn Hayyan mengutarakan tentang 'Takwin',para alkimis mula mempertikaikan tentang kewujudan Batu Falsafah yg mereka sudah berusaha mencarinya setelah sekian lama.
2)Penciptaan 'Panacea',sejenis penawar yg mampu menyembuhkan semua penyakit dan memanjangkan umur. Bagi mereka,'Panacea' adalah saling berkait dengan penawar kehidupan dan batu falsafah.
3)Mencari 'Alkahest' iaitu sejenis larutan universal (universal solvent).Mereka mencari larutan yg berkebolehan melarutkan apa sahaja termasuklah emas.Mereka berpendapat bahawa alkahest mempunyai nilai perubatan yg tinggi.Seseorang bernama Paracelsus dari Switzerland telah menyediakan ramuan alkahest yg terdiri daripada kalsium oksida(caustic lime/quicklime),alkohol dan kalium karbonat(carbonate of potash).Dia mempercayai bahawa inilah Batu Falsafah namun ada sedikit masalah kerana alkahest akan melarutkan segala2nya termasuklah bekas yg digunakan utk mengisinya.Walau bagaimanapun,ahli falsafah Philalethe berpendapat alkahest hanya melarutkan bahan kepada komponen elemen masing2 sahaja.
Sekarang,lepas diteliti objektif mereka,kan dapat disimpulkan bahawa mereka mencari jalan utk menjadi kaya dan hidup selama-lamanya....menjadi kaya itu boleh terjadi dgn izin Allah Taala namun utk hidup2 selama-lamanya di dunia?Mustahillah,kerana kehidupan abadi adalah di akhirat......
To the alchemists of old, this meant the conversion of one physical substance into another, particularly base metals such as lead into valuable silver and gold.
To the modern scientists, this means the transformation of one element into another by one or a series of nuclear decays or reactions.
Although people worked with gold, silver(Ag), copper(Cu), iron(Fe), tin(Sn), lead(Pb), carbon(C), sulfur(S), and mercury(Hg) in ancient times, they had little understanding of chemistry and could write little about it. At this time chemistry was an art, not a science.
The Egyptians were the first to produce extensive written documentation of chemical procedures, at the beginning of the Christian era, and Egypt is generally identified as the birthplace of chemistry. These writings indicate that the development of methods for transmuting one substance into another was one of the principal early goals of their investigations.
During the several hundred years that followed these writings, the alchemists attempted to develop schemes to transmute base metals into gold and silver through various chemical manipulations of mixtures and distillations(penyulingan). The alchemists were spurred(terangsang) on by what appeared to be some success—for example, production of very small amounts of gold from lead ore by their chemical procedures. (This gold was undoubtedly present in trace amounts in the original ores and was not produced by transmutation.)
The ultimate folly(kebodohan) of the alchemists turned up during the Middle Ages(Zaman Pertengahan) with the search for the philosopher's stone(Batu Falsafah), a substance that could be mixed with base metals and, through purification, convert them into gold. It was never found.
ilmu sains zaman PURBA lahir daripada 2 sumber... 1 nya daripada wahyu kenabian dan kedua, melalui upacara ritual sihir untuk memindahkan pengetahuan dan teknologi ghaib untuk dizahirkan.. hal ini amat ketara ketika zaman Renaissance..
Apa yang pasti,ilmu sains bersumberkan wahyu Allah adalah yang paling tepat dan apabila dikaji,insya-Allah memberikan manfaat....Alkimis zaman dahulu ada beberapa objektif
1)Mencari/Mencipta Batu Falsafah (yg sebenarnya hanya dongengan) yg kononnya memiliki kebolehan menukarkan logam biasa kepada emas atau perak dan sebagai penawar kehidupan yg memberikan keremajaan serta keabadian.Namun,selepas Jabir Ibn Hayyan mengutarakan tentang 'Takwin',para alkimis mula mempertikaikan tentang kewujudan Batu Falsafah yg mereka sudah berusaha mencarinya setelah sekian lama.
2)Penciptaan 'Panacea',sejenis penawar yg mampu menyembuhkan semua penyakit dan memanjangkan umur. Bagi mereka,'Panacea' adalah saling berkait dengan penawar kehidupan dan batu falsafah.
3)Mencari 'Alkahest' iaitu sejenis larutan universal (universal solvent).Mereka mencari larutan yg berkebolehan melarutkan apa sahaja termasuklah emas.Mereka berpendapat bahawa alkahest mempunyai nilai perubatan yg tinggi.Seseorang bernama Paracelsus dari Switzerland telah menyediakan ramuan alkahest yg terdiri daripada kalsium oksida(caustic lime/quicklime),alkohol dan kalium karbonat(carbonate of potash).Dia mempercayai bahawa inilah Batu Falsafah namun ada sedikit masalah kerana alkahest akan melarutkan segala2nya termasuklah bekas yg digunakan utk mengisinya.Walau bagaimanapun,ahli falsafah Philalethe berpendapat alkahest hanya melarutkan bahan kepada komponen elemen masing2 sahaja.
Sekarang,lepas diteliti objektif mereka,kan dapat disimpulkan bahawa mereka mencari jalan utk menjadi kaya dan hidup selama-lamanya....menjadi kaya itu boleh terjadi dgn izin Allah Taala namun utk hidup2 selama-lamanya di dunia?Mustahillah,kerana kehidupan abadi adalah di akhirat......
Nisbah Emas a.k.a Golden Ratio
Apakah perkara yang sama dimiliki oleh piramid di Mesir, lukisan Mona Lisa karya Leonardo da Vinci, bunga matahari, buah cemara dan jari-jari kita? Tahukah anda? Semua perkara ini dilihat ideal dari segi pembinaannya dan terdapat nisbah setara yang dikenal sebagai Nisbah Emas.
Sesungguhnya Allah telah mengadakan ketentuan bagi tiap-tiap sesuatu. (Ath-Thalaaq, 65: 3)
Kamu sekali-kali tidak melihat pada ciptaan Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah sesuatu yang tidak seimbang. Maka lihatlah berulang-ulang, adakah kamu lihat sesuatu yang tidak seimbang? Kemudian pandanglah sekali lagi niscaya penglihatanmu akan kembali kepadamu dengan tidak menemukan sesuatu cacat dan penglihatanmu itu pun dalam keadaan payah. (Al-Mulk, 67: 3-4)
Jawapan kepada persoalan di atas boleh dilihat dalam jujukan siri nombor ajaib yang diperkenalkan oleh seorang ahli Matematik Itali, Fibonacci. Fibonacci telah menyusun angka dari sifar dalam jujukan menaik di mana angka berikutnya merupakan penjumlahan dua angka sebelumnya.
Jujukan tersebut ialah
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, …...
Nombor-nombor ini mempunyai ciri menarik apabila nombor yang ketiga belas dalam jujukan dibahagikan dengan nilai sebelumnya akan memberi nilai yang malar. Nilai pemalar 1.618 ini dikenal sebagai nisbah emas.
233 / 144 = 1.618
377 / 233 = 1.618
610 / 377 = 1.618
987 / 610 = 1.618
1597 / 987 = 1.618
2584 / 1597 = 1.618
Adnan Oktar atau nama penanya Harun Yahya (pengasas Islamic Researchg Foundation, IRF) menukilkan keajaiban nisbah ini dan membuktikannya dalam beberapa penciptaan termasuk tubuh badan manusia. Anda boleh membacanya dalam artikel saintifik beliau bertajuk Golden Ratio.
(by Naim)
Petikan dialog :
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON CAY TV (15 April 2009 )
ADNAN OKTAR: …There is a golden ratio in human beings, other living things, plants and everything. There is a ratio of 1.6. Allah employs it. There is mathematical regularity and geometric accuracy everywhere, and the whole universe is built on that perfect system.
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON KANAL 35 (11 April 2009)
ADNAN OKTAR:For instance, there is a golden ratio in this rose. Allah has created it with a perfect system, beauty and aesthetics masha’Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR:Masha’Allah. Look how lovely that is. And look, the golden ratio reveals itself here, too. There is a glorious, technical beauty and a mathematical regularity in all created things. There is a mathematical system in the whole universe. Almighty Allah uses symmetry, in other words geometry, and mathematics in all the universe and all living things.
ADNAN OKTAR:Look, there is a complete golden ratio in this cute little thing. There is a glorious technical regularity. What a lovely thing it is, masha’Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR:Of course there is a technical regularity in all of them. And in human beings. They are completely symmetrical, right down the middle. People can see that in any seed or any plant.
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON AKS TV (14 April 2009)
ADNAN OKTAR:For example, there is a golden ratio in the middle of every daisy and everything. That can be seen in all living things. For example, a pine cone has 8 left-handed spirals and 13 right-handed. Divide the one by the other and you have the golden ratio, 1.6. The proportion of 1.6 exists everywhere. Allah produces such a mathematical, technical regularity, and this is a great miracle.
PRESENTER:A divine equilibrium...
ADNAN OKTAR:Yes, it is in all living things. Allah uses it as a measure in the human face and body. Look, 1.6 manifests itself everywhere, and this is a huge, huge miracle.
PRESENTER:A very great miracle.
ADNAN OKTAR... Look at everything. It is a measure Allah uses in insects, birds, leaves, trees and everywhere. There are 8 left-hand spirals in a species of cauliflower and 13 left-hand. Divide the one by the other and you have the golden ratio, 1.6. Look, there is a flawless mathematical proportion in the sequence of chicory seeds that fly in the wind. You can see it everywhere, in fruit and flowers. The golden ratio is used everywhere. It is a truly great miracle.
In the Qur’an, Almighty Allah says, “We have created everything with a measure.” That measure is used in plants and all living things. This is something people are generally unaware of, something very important but unfamiliar.
PRESENTER:Yes, it is very interesting and a great miracle.
ADNAN OKTAR: In snowflakes, for instance, there is a mathematical regularity in everything. You can see the golden ratio is the same everywhere, 1.618.
(by Harun Yahya)
MEKAH PUSAT BUMI
Nisbah emas atau Golden Ratio adalah nisbah yang alamiah, dan terdapat secara tabii dalam alam semesta termasuk dalam pelbagai galaksi yang ada dalam alam semesta. Apabila seseorang teliti kedudukan Mekah pada peta dunia yang ditunjukkan, maka ia akan dapat melihat keduduka Mekah adalah pada kedudukan Nisbah Emas.
Para pembaca boleh buat satu garisan lurus mendatar (horizontal) dari kedudukan 180 darjah Barat hingga ke Mekah di Semenanjung Arab. Katakan garisan mendatar ini sebagai A. Buat satu garisan lurus mendatar (horizontal) dari Mekkah ke 180 darjah Timur. Katakan garis ini sebagai B. Ukur garisan A dan B, dan Bahagikan panjang A dengan panjang B. Nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618. Campurkan panjang A dengan panjang B dan bahaginan dengan A (A+B) /A, nisbahnya juga ialah 1.618.
Buat satu garisan menegak lurus (Vertical) dari utara (Kutub) hingga ke Mekah, katakan garisan ini ialah A. Buat satu garisan lurus menegak (vertical) dari Mekah ke kutub Selatan, namakan garisan ini B. Ukur panjang A dan B. bahagikan A dengan B, nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618, Sekarang campurkan panjang A dengan B dan bahagikan dengan B (A+B)/B. Nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618.
(by Prof Madya Dr Mohd Arip Bin Kasmo)
Sesungguhnya Allah telah mengadakan ketentuan bagi tiap-tiap sesuatu. (Ath-Thalaaq, 65: 3)
Kamu sekali-kali tidak melihat pada ciptaan Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah sesuatu yang tidak seimbang. Maka lihatlah berulang-ulang, adakah kamu lihat sesuatu yang tidak seimbang? Kemudian pandanglah sekali lagi niscaya penglihatanmu akan kembali kepadamu dengan tidak menemukan sesuatu cacat dan penglihatanmu itu pun dalam keadaan payah. (Al-Mulk, 67: 3-4)
Jawapan kepada persoalan di atas boleh dilihat dalam jujukan siri nombor ajaib yang diperkenalkan oleh seorang ahli Matematik Itali, Fibonacci. Fibonacci telah menyusun angka dari sifar dalam jujukan menaik di mana angka berikutnya merupakan penjumlahan dua angka sebelumnya.
Jujukan tersebut ialah
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, …...
Nombor-nombor ini mempunyai ciri menarik apabila nombor yang ketiga belas dalam jujukan dibahagikan dengan nilai sebelumnya akan memberi nilai yang malar. Nilai pemalar 1.618 ini dikenal sebagai nisbah emas.
233 / 144 = 1.618
377 / 233 = 1.618
610 / 377 = 1.618
987 / 610 = 1.618
1597 / 987 = 1.618
2584 / 1597 = 1.618
Adnan Oktar atau nama penanya Harun Yahya (pengasas Islamic Researchg Foundation, IRF) menukilkan keajaiban nisbah ini dan membuktikannya dalam beberapa penciptaan termasuk tubuh badan manusia. Anda boleh membacanya dalam artikel saintifik beliau bertajuk Golden Ratio.
(by Naim)
Petikan dialog :
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON CAY TV (15 April 2009 )
ADNAN OKTAR: …There is a golden ratio in human beings, other living things, plants and everything. There is a ratio of 1.6. Allah employs it. There is mathematical regularity and geometric accuracy everywhere, and the whole universe is built on that perfect system.
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON KANAL 35 (11 April 2009)
ADNAN OKTAR:For instance, there is a golden ratio in this rose. Allah has created it with a perfect system, beauty and aesthetics masha’Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR:Masha’Allah. Look how lovely that is. And look, the golden ratio reveals itself here, too. There is a glorious, technical beauty and a mathematical regularity in all created things. There is a mathematical system in the whole universe. Almighty Allah uses symmetry, in other words geometry, and mathematics in all the universe and all living things.
ADNAN OKTAR:Look, there is a complete golden ratio in this cute little thing. There is a glorious technical regularity. What a lovely thing it is, masha’Allah.
ADNAN OKTAR:Of course there is a technical regularity in all of them. And in human beings. They are completely symmetrical, right down the middle. People can see that in any seed or any plant.
ADNAN OKTAR’S LIVE INTERVIEW ON AKS TV (14 April 2009)
ADNAN OKTAR:For example, there is a golden ratio in the middle of every daisy and everything. That can be seen in all living things. For example, a pine cone has 8 left-handed spirals and 13 right-handed. Divide the one by the other and you have the golden ratio, 1.6. The proportion of 1.6 exists everywhere. Allah produces such a mathematical, technical regularity, and this is a great miracle.
PRESENTER:A divine equilibrium...
ADNAN OKTAR:Yes, it is in all living things. Allah uses it as a measure in the human face and body. Look, 1.6 manifests itself everywhere, and this is a huge, huge miracle.
PRESENTER:A very great miracle.
ADNAN OKTAR... Look at everything. It is a measure Allah uses in insects, birds, leaves, trees and everywhere. There are 8 left-hand spirals in a species of cauliflower and 13 left-hand. Divide the one by the other and you have the golden ratio, 1.6. Look, there is a flawless mathematical proportion in the sequence of chicory seeds that fly in the wind. You can see it everywhere, in fruit and flowers. The golden ratio is used everywhere. It is a truly great miracle.
In the Qur’an, Almighty Allah says, “We have created everything with a measure.” That measure is used in plants and all living things. This is something people are generally unaware of, something very important but unfamiliar.
PRESENTER:Yes, it is very interesting and a great miracle.
ADNAN OKTAR: In snowflakes, for instance, there is a mathematical regularity in everything. You can see the golden ratio is the same everywhere, 1.618.
(by Harun Yahya)
MEKAH PUSAT BUMI
Nisbah emas atau Golden Ratio adalah nisbah yang alamiah, dan terdapat secara tabii dalam alam semesta termasuk dalam pelbagai galaksi yang ada dalam alam semesta. Apabila seseorang teliti kedudukan Mekah pada peta dunia yang ditunjukkan, maka ia akan dapat melihat keduduka Mekah adalah pada kedudukan Nisbah Emas.
Para pembaca boleh buat satu garisan lurus mendatar (horizontal) dari kedudukan 180 darjah Barat hingga ke Mekah di Semenanjung Arab. Katakan garisan mendatar ini sebagai A. Buat satu garisan lurus mendatar (horizontal) dari Mekkah ke 180 darjah Timur. Katakan garis ini sebagai B. Ukur garisan A dan B, dan Bahagikan panjang A dengan panjang B. Nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618. Campurkan panjang A dengan panjang B dan bahaginan dengan A (A+B) /A, nisbahnya juga ialah 1.618.
Buat satu garisan menegak lurus (Vertical) dari utara (Kutub) hingga ke Mekah, katakan garisan ini ialah A. Buat satu garisan lurus menegak (vertical) dari Mekah ke kutub Selatan, namakan garisan ini B. Ukur panjang A dan B. bahagikan A dengan B, nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618, Sekarang campurkan panjang A dengan B dan bahagikan dengan B (A+B)/B. Nisbah yang diperolehi ialah 1.618.
(by Prof Madya Dr Mohd Arip Bin Kasmo)
Sesumpah
Sesumpah mempunyai sel istimewa,yg dinamakan 'chromatophores' yg terletak dalam lapisan kulit mereka dan boleh ditembusi cahaya.Chromatophores adalah sel yang mengandungi pigmen dan boleh memantul cahaya tertentu serta menyerap cahaya2 lain.Spektrum warna yang mampu dikesan oleh mata manusia @ Visible light.(Ingat semula 7 warna pelangi)
Untuk kulit sesumpah,pada lapisan atas,terdapat 'xantophores' dan 'erythrophores' yang memiliki pigmen kuning dan merah masing2.Di bawahnya pula ada satu lagi lapisan sel yg dinamakan 'iridophores' atau 'guanophores',dan sel2 ini memiliki sejenis hablur tidak berwarna bernama 'guanine'.
Kesemuanya adalah pemantul yang efektif bagi warna biru dalam cahaya.Semasa cahaya matahari tembus ke lapisan kulit sesumpah,bahagian cahaya yang berwarna biru akan dipantul.Dan 6 warna lain akan diserap.Maka,kita akan lihat sesumpah berwarna biru.
Jika lapisan atas chromatophores berwarna kuning,warna yg dipantul ialah hijau(biru+kuning).
Satu lapisan pigmen melanin(yg buat kulit jadi gelap) terletak lebih dalam di bawah iridophores yg boleh memantulkan cahaya.Melanophores menentukan 'kecerahan' cahaya yg dipantulkan.Makin banyak melanin,makin gelap la kulit.
Sel2 istimewa ini mempunyai butir2 pigmen yg terletak di dalam 'cytoplasm' atau 'cytosol'.Penyebaran/Penyerakan/Banyaknya pigmen2 tersebut di dalam sel telah mempengaruhi intensiti atau kadar kecerahan sesuatu warna.Sekiranya pigmen berselerak secara sama rata di dalam sel,keseluruhan sel akan dapat warna yang sama,namun bergantung kepada sel 'chromatophore' yg terdapat di situ sama ada xantophores,erythrophores,iridophores,guanophores,melanophores atau lain2.Sekiranya pigmen hanya terletak di tgh2 sel,maka sel akan kelihatan telus.Kesemua sel2 istimewa ini boleh menempatkan semula pigmen2 yang akan mempengaruhi warna sesumpah.Penukaran warna sesumpah adalah berdasarkan sel2 istimewa yg terletak di dalam lapisan kulitnya.
Perubahan warna pada sesumpah tujuan primernya adalah untuk isyarat bagi persekitarannya(Social Signalling).Jika mereka marah,warna yg ditunjukkan adalah lebih gelap namun jika ingin menarik pasangan,sesumpah jantan akan mengeluarkan warna yang lebih terang dan berwarna-warni untuk menarik perhatian sesumpah betina.
Tujuan sekundernya ialah penyamaran(Camouflage).Kaedah ini sgt efektif utk menyesuaikan diri dgn persekitaran drpd dikesan oleh pemangsa atau semasa sesumpah mencari makanan.
Tertiernya,ada juga sesumpah yang menukar warna untuk mengimbangi suhu badan.Menjadi warna hitam di pagi hari yang dingin agar dapat menyerap lebih cahaya matahari dan menjadi warna kelabu terang semasa waktu panas utk memantulkan haba.Atau,mereka akan menonjolkan kedua2 warna pada masa yg sama dgn cara sebelah di kiri,sebelah di kanan.Contohnya spesies Smith's dwarf.
Untuk kulit sesumpah,pada lapisan atas,terdapat 'xantophores' dan 'erythrophores' yang memiliki pigmen kuning dan merah masing2.Di bawahnya pula ada satu lagi lapisan sel yg dinamakan 'iridophores' atau 'guanophores',dan sel2 ini memiliki sejenis hablur tidak berwarna bernama 'guanine'.
Kesemuanya adalah pemantul yang efektif bagi warna biru dalam cahaya.Semasa cahaya matahari tembus ke lapisan kulit sesumpah,bahagian cahaya yang berwarna biru akan dipantul.Dan 6 warna lain akan diserap.Maka,kita akan lihat sesumpah berwarna biru.
Jika lapisan atas chromatophores berwarna kuning,warna yg dipantul ialah hijau(biru+kuning).
Satu lapisan pigmen melanin(yg buat kulit jadi gelap) terletak lebih dalam di bawah iridophores yg boleh memantulkan cahaya.Melanophores menentukan 'kecerahan' cahaya yg dipantulkan.Makin banyak melanin,makin gelap la kulit.
Sel2 istimewa ini mempunyai butir2 pigmen yg terletak di dalam 'cytoplasm' atau 'cytosol'.Penyebaran/Penyerakan/Banyaknya pigmen2 tersebut di dalam sel telah mempengaruhi intensiti atau kadar kecerahan sesuatu warna.Sekiranya pigmen berselerak secara sama rata di dalam sel,keseluruhan sel akan dapat warna yang sama,namun bergantung kepada sel 'chromatophore' yg terdapat di situ sama ada xantophores,erythrophores,iridophores,guanophores,melanophores atau lain2.Sekiranya pigmen hanya terletak di tgh2 sel,maka sel akan kelihatan telus.Kesemua sel2 istimewa ini boleh menempatkan semula pigmen2 yang akan mempengaruhi warna sesumpah.Penukaran warna sesumpah adalah berdasarkan sel2 istimewa yg terletak di dalam lapisan kulitnya.
Perubahan warna pada sesumpah tujuan primernya adalah untuk isyarat bagi persekitarannya(Social Signalling).Jika mereka marah,warna yg ditunjukkan adalah lebih gelap namun jika ingin menarik pasangan,sesumpah jantan akan mengeluarkan warna yang lebih terang dan berwarna-warni untuk menarik perhatian sesumpah betina.
Tujuan sekundernya ialah penyamaran(Camouflage).Kaedah ini sgt efektif utk menyesuaikan diri dgn persekitaran drpd dikesan oleh pemangsa atau semasa sesumpah mencari makanan.
Tertiernya,ada juga sesumpah yang menukar warna untuk mengimbangi suhu badan.Menjadi warna hitam di pagi hari yang dingin agar dapat menyerap lebih cahaya matahari dan menjadi warna kelabu terang semasa waktu panas utk memantulkan haba.Atau,mereka akan menonjolkan kedua2 warna pada masa yg sama dgn cara sebelah di kiri,sebelah di kanan.Contohnya spesies Smith's dwarf.
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